Five starlike images appear when light from a single quasar passes through a gravitational lens. Image credit: Hubble Telescope/NASA
For the first 150 million years after the Big Bang, there were no galaxies or stars or planets. The universe was featureless.Welcome to the Sailor Moon Dub Wiki, a Wikia community and encyclopedia for the English Dub of Sailor Moon and the Sailor Scouts that anyone can edit! For your best browsing experience, we recommend that you create an account.Before you start to edit our wiki be sure to check out our Policies and Guidelines. The Sailor Moon Dub Wiki is primarily focused on giving Sailor Moon fans. Black Lady is an evil, grown-up version of Chibiusa Tsukino, who was corrupted by Wiseman in the Sailor Moon R season of the anime. 1 Appearance 2 Information 3 Gallery 3.1 Character Designs 3.2 Misc 4 Trivia Black Lady keeps the same appearance in the anime as she does in the manga. However, the slit in her dress has become more revealing, much to Naoko Takeuchi's dismay.
As time passed, the first stars formed. Stars collected into galaxies. Galaxies began to cluster together. Those clusters are made up of the galaxies and all the material between the galaxies. Clumps of matter in smashed into each other, and the planets in our solar system began to form around the sun.Something must hold our solar system, galaxies and clusters of galaxies together. And gravity is that 'glue.'
In some clusters, the space between galaxies is filled with gas so hot, scientists cannot see it using visible light telescopes. The gas only can be seen as X-rays or gamma rays. Scientists look at that gas and measure how much there is between galaxies in clusters. By doing this, they discovered that there must be five times more material in the clusters than we can detect. The invisible matter that we can't detect is called 'dark matter.'
The Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky first used the term 'dark matter' in the 1930s. He studied the so-called Coma galaxy cluster and, specifically, how fast it revolves. Clusters are like merry-go-rounds: Their speed of revolution depends on the weight and position of the objects in the clusters, like the weight of the objects and their positions on a merry-go-round. The speed he measured implied the cluster had much more mass than the observable light suggested.
In the 1970s, U.S. astronomer Vera Rubin and her colleagues confirmed this result by studying galaxy rotation. They also discovered single galaxies, not just clusters, have more mass than their observable light suggested. The work of Rubin and her team helped to firmly establish the notion of dark matter.
In many ways, scientists know more about what dark matter is not, though they do have a few ideas about what it could be.
Dark matter possibly could be brown dwarfs, 'failed' stars that never ignited because they lacked the mass needed to start burning. Dark matter could be white dwarfs, the remnants of cores of dead small- to medium-size stars. Or dark matter could be neutron stars or black holes, the remnants of large stars after they explode.
The Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope can detect high-energy gamma rays that may be emitted when dark matter particles collide. Image credit: NASA E/PO, Sonoma State University, Aurore Simonnet
However, problems exist with each of these suggestions. Scientists have strong evidence there aren't enough brown dwarfs or white dwarfs to account for all the dark matter. Black holes and neutron stars, too, are rare.Dark matter may not be made up of the matter we are familiar with at all. The matter that makes up dark matter could different. It may be filled with particles predicted by theory but that scientists have yet to observe.
Because scientists can't see dark matter directly, they have found other ways to investigate it. We can use indirect ways to study things, like looking at a shadow and making an educated guess about what's casting the shadow. One way scientists indirectly study dark matter is by using gravitational lensing.
Light going through a gravitational lens is similar to light going through an optical lens: It gets bent. When light from distant stars passes through a galaxy or cluster, the gravity of the matter present in the galaxy or cluster causes the light to bend. As a result, the light looks like it is coming from somewhere else rather than from its actual origin. The amount of bending helps scientists learn about the dark matter present. Many NASA scientists use the Hubble Space Telescope to observe gravitational lensing.
In addition to these indirect ways, scientists at NASA think they have a direct way to detect dark matter using the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. This telescope looks at gamma rays, the highest energy form of light. When two dark matter particles crash into each other, they might release a gamma ray. The Fermi Telescope could theoretically detect these collisions, which would appear as a burst of a gamma ray in the sky. Because Fermi has not been in space very long, scientists do not yet have enough data to form conclusions.That's what makes dark matter exciting: It's still one of the great mysteries of science.
Related Resources:
› Fermi: Exploring the Extreme Universe
Queen Of Darkness The First Moon English Patch Notes
› Hubble's Dark Matter Map
› Imagine the Universe: Dark Matter → The First Six Bowls of Wrath
…9And the people were scorched by intense heat, and they cursed the name of God, who had authority over these plagues; yet they did not repent and give Him glory. 1011and curse the God of heaven for their pains and sores; yet they did not repent of their deeds.…
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Then the LORD said to Moses, 'Stretch out your hand toward heaven, so that darkness will spread over the land of Egypt--a palpable darkness.'
Exodus 10:22
So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and total darkness covered all the land of Egypt for three days.
Isaiah 8:22
Then they will look to the earth and see only distress and darkness and the gloom of anguish. And they will be driven into utter darkness.
Revelation 8:12
Then the fourth angel sounded his trumpet, and a third of the sun and moon and stars were struck. A third of the stars were darkened, a third of the day was without light, and a third of the night as well.
Revelation 9:2
The star opened the pit of the Abyss, and smoke rose out of it like the smoke of a great furnace, and the sun and the air were darkened by the smoke from the pit.
Revelation 13:2
The beast I saw was like a leopard, with the feet of a bear and the mouth of a lion. And the dragon gave the beast his power and throne and great authority.
Queen Of Darkness The First Moon English Patch Full
And the fifth angel poured out his vial on the seat of the beast; and his kingdom was full of darkness; and they gnawed their tongues for pain,
upon.
Revelation 11:2,8
But the court which is without the temple leave out, and measure it not; for it is given unto the Gentiles: and the holy city shall they tread under foot forty and two months…
Revelation 13:2-4
And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority…
Revelation 17:9,17
And here is the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth…
full.
Revelation 9:2
And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit.
Revelation 18:11-19
And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buyeth their merchandise any more: …
Exodus 10:21-23
And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt…
they.
Revelation 11:10
And they that dwell upon the earth shall rejoice over them, and make merry, and shall send gifts one to another; because these two prophets tormented them that dwelt on the earth.
Matthew 13:42,50
And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth…
Matthew 24:51
And shall cut him asunder, and appoint him his portion with the hypocrites: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.